What is Addison's Disease?

Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare disorder in which the adrenal glands fail to produce enough hormones. The adrenal glands are small structures located on top of each kidney, and they produce cortisol and aldosterone—hormones essential for life. Cortisol helps the body respond to stress, maintain blood pressure, regulate blood sugar, and reduce inflammation. Aldosterone helps the kidneys balance salt and water. In Addison's disease, the adrenal cortex is damaged, usually by an autoimmune attack where the body mistakenly targets its own tissues. Other causes include infections (such as tuberculosis), bleeding into the adrenals, or genetic conditions. Symptoms often develop slowly and can include fatigue, weight loss, darkening of the skin, low blood pressure, and salt craving. Diagnosis is confirmed through blood tests and an ACTH stimulation test. Treatment involves lifelong replacement of the missing hormones—typically hydrocortisone for cortisol and sometimes fludrocortisone for aldosterone. With proper treatment, most people with Addison's can live full, active lives.